When an entity is initially formed, it will obtain an "initial classification." This initial classification can be determined under the default rules or it can be determined as a result of a check-the-box election. Check-the-box elections can generally only be retroactive 75 days from the date of filing (certain late elections may also be allowed). Thus, if no election is made within 75 days of establishing an entity, the default classification will apply.
miércoles, 24 de noviembre de 2010
Initial US Tax Classification
martes, 23 de noviembre de 2010
Check The Box Taxation in the US
Check The Box Taxation in the US
An LLC may choose the manner in which it will be taxed. Since 1997 when the IRS instituted check the box taxation, an LLC may choose to be taxed as a Partnership/Soleproprietorship (depending upon the number of members), an S-Corporation or a C-Corporation.
This flexibility to choose the LLC's manner of Federal Tax (and most states allow the LLC to be taxed in the same manner it is taxed Federally) is called "Check The Box Taxation". Even though the default manner of tax for the LLC is Flow through, there are other options. For the majority of LLCs, flow through taxation is preferable. It is best to understand your options however, because there are times when the other two are very useful.
In short, a "check-the-box" election is an entity classification election that is made on I.R.S. Form 8832, Entity Classification Election. The procedure to make a check-the-box election is quite easy. You simply check the appropriate box, specify the date that the election is to be effective, sign and file the form.
Be aware, however, that the tax implications of making such an election can be extremely significant. It is therefore very important that taxpayers speak with a tax adviser to discuss the implications of making such an election before the election is made.
Only "eligible entities" can make check-the-box elections. The regulations contain a list of the types of entities that are not eligible entities. Treas. Reg. § 301.7701-2(b). These non-eligible entities must be treated as corporations and are often referred to as "per se" corporations.
In the domestic context, an entity organized as a "corporation" or as "incorporated" under a federal or state statute would be a per se corporation. For foreign entities, a country-by-country list is provided in the regulations that specifies the per se corporations for each country. Typically, S.A.s, N.V.s, P.L.C.s, and A.G.s are per se corporations.
Tax Classifications
There are three possible U.S. tax classifications for "business entities" --- corporation, partnership, or disregarded entity. The regulations provide default classification rules for eligible entities (i.e., non-per se corporations) that do not make check-the-box elections. Treas. Reg. § 301.7701-3(b).
A U.S. domestic "eligible entity" defaults to be treated as a partnership if the entity has more than one owner and as a disregarded entity (similar to a sole proprietorship for individuals or to a branch or a division for corporations) if the entity has only one owner.
The default classification rule for non-U.S. entities is different. It is often assumed by taxpayers and their domestic tax advisers that a foreign entity that is similar to a U.S. L.L.C. will default to be treated as a partnership or disregarded entity (as would be the case for a U.S. L.L.C.). However, foreign L.L.C.s almost always default to be treated as corporations.
The rule for a foreign eligible entity is that it will default to be treated as:
- a corporation if all of its owners have limited liability,
- a partnership if it has two or more owners and at least one owner does not have limited liability, and
- a disregarded entity if it has a single owner that does not have limited liability.
Check the box for non-US entities
Regarding check the Box for non-US Entities, both the foreign tax credit and operating losses pass through to the owners American tax return. The single member foreign entity has simplified his/her reporting as compared for a controlled foreign corporation.
Foreign entities that qualify for the check the box rules are great for foreign tax credit planning and the pass through of operating loss. To avoid complex tax issues, the check the box election is best filed in the first year of existence of the foreign entity.
We have found an IRS email private letter rulings on an LLC owned in a community property state. If you are a tax planner, this PLR gives great advice.
Check the Box is a great tax planning tool for international taxation, if you know where it is taking you. When the checks the box election is filed for a foreign entity, what occurs in a community property state. A major tax difference exists between a foreign partnership and a disregarded entity.
According to the IRS " the election under Rev. Proc. 2002-69 is optional. If no election is made, then the classification of the LLC defaults to the "check the box" regulations, Treas. Reg. § 301.7701-3. Under these regulations, if there are two owners of the business, it is automatically by default a partnership. If there is one owner of the business, it is automatically by default a disregarded entity.
The election and default rules under Rev. Proc. 2002-69 supersede the governing documents. Therefore, while both husband and wife appear as responsible individuals on the governing documents, which would imply a partnership, they can elect to have their business considered a disregarded entity. Since no returns have been filed and the husband and wife have not made an election under Rev. Proc. 2002-69, the business would be considered a partnership because both husband and wife own the business."
More about Empresas Offshore on Empresas offshore and Compañías offshore
lunes, 22 de noviembre de 2010
Nominee Structures
The concept
The nominee structure is ostensibly a simple set-up where an onshore company acts as nominee for a low tax company principal. The concept is often used to avoid the problems often seen for low tax companies who trade internationally as it offers an onshore face with all the low tax benefits.
Advantages include:
1. High level of credibility.
2. With no ownership, related party transactions may not be reported by auditors.
3. A large percentage of the net profit on trade, for example 80% of the total, is payable to the low tax company.
4. A small percentage of net profit is kept in the onshore company, and therefore corporation tax is paid in the high tax jurisdiction. This tax could be as low as 5% of total turnover.
5. All transactions with clients are with the onshore company.
The Structure
The low tax company is the "Principal" in the operation while the onshore company is the contracted "Nominee" or "Agent" company. The nominee company carries out all business on behalf of the principal. A commercial agreement between the two companies must be drafted, setting out the terms upon which the nominee carries out its work.
As mentioned above, the nominee company is the "shop window" and so all goods purchased and all invoices generated are done by this company, on behalf of the principal. The resulting monies are collected by the nominee company and so the client is only aware of the onshore aspect and does not need to know about the low tax relationship. The nominee company receives a fee for its services and this is usually deducted from the trading income. After these costs, the remaining monies are sent straight to the principal. The nominee company's accounts will only show the fee income and any expenses incurred along the way. They will not need to show the trading income, as this was handled on behalf of the principal. Any profit made from the fee income, after costs etc. is taxable. The level of fee income is determined by the volume of trade, margins achieved and turnover during the year. Typically, a figure of 15-20% of gross turnover is acceptable.
Things to consider:
1. The nominee company should not trade in its country of residence, as it could be deemed liable to taxation on its revenue.
2. Although the nominee company is purchasing the goods, the ultimate ownership rests with the principal company.
3. Each company should have different officers and shareholders.
4. The Directors of the low tax company should be non-resident.
5. The nominee company should be registered for VAT if applicable.
6. All the advertising, marketing and promotion is undertaken by the nominee company.
7. The clients are not aware of the agency agreement which exists between the nominee Company and the low tax company.
8. The two companies need different directors and shareholders.
9. Contracts with the nominee Company should be signed outside its country of incorporation.
10. The directors of the nominee Company must not be resident in its country of incorporation.
11. The beneficiaries should be not residents in either country.
jueves, 18 de noviembre de 2010
The Tax Classification in the US
Change in US Tax Classification
It is important for the taxpayer to understand the tax implications of changes in an entity's classification. If an entity changes its classification from a corporation to either a partnership or a disregarded entity, the transaction will often be a taxable liquidation. A taxable liquidation triggers gain or loss to both the corporation and to the shareholder(s). For a foreign entity, gain at the corporate level can trigger Subpart F Income and gain at the shareholder level is often taxed as ordinary income.
Although it may be very simple to file Form 8832 and change the classification of an entity, the tax costs can be immense. Taxpayers are well advised to speak with a knowledgeable tax advisor prior to the filing of any check-the-box election.
Unchecking the Box for tax reasons
President Obama looks anxious to revive a controversial pronouncement emanating from the Internal Revenue Service which was issued — and almost immediately discredited — during the Clinton years: The notorious Notice 98-11, 1998-1 C.B. 433. The aim of the notice was to prevent multinational corporations from "abusing" the so-called "check-the-box option." The option allowed flows of passive income between controlled foreign corporations (CFCs) disappear for purposes of the Subpart F rules. The best way to understand the President's plans is to review the facts and conclusions set forth in Notice 98-11, the principles of which the President has made clear he seeks to resuscitate.
Notice 98-11 sought to repair the hole in Subpart F created by the so-called "hybrid branch" strategy. The notice explains that a hybrid branch is one that is viewed, under U.S. tax principles, to be part of the CFC. Specifically, the branch is seen, therefore is "fiscally transparent." However, under the laws of the CFC's country of incorporation, a hybrid branch is regarded as an entity separate from the CFC, so it is seen as "non-fiscally transparent."
Notice 98-11 notes that Subpart F was enacted — at the behest of President Kennedy in the Revenue Act of 1962 — to limit the deferral of U.S. taxation of certain income earned outside of the U.S. by CFCs. Limited deferral, however, was retained "to protect the competitiveness" of CFCs doing business overseas." Under the tax code, transactions of CFCs that involve related persons frequently give rise to "Subpart F income" unless an exception applies.
More about the Tax Classification in the US on:
http://www.empresasextranjeras.com/
¿cómo se reduce capital "cargo a beneficios "?
miércoles, 17 de noviembre de 2010
¿Existen importantes novedades en la ley de Sociedades de Capital respecto a las juntas generales?
¿Qué principales novedades existen en la Ley de Sociedades de Capital?
lunes, 15 de noviembre de 2010
El Sandwitch Holandés
Introducir el paso por los Paises Bajos entre dos sociedades es lo que se llama el Sandwich Holandés.
Irónicamente, el "Sandwich no deja migajas que degustar" como dijo un empleado de Tax Research LLP.
La compañía Microsoft, que está basada en Redmond, WA, también ha utilizado una estructura de Doble Irlandés según los mismos registrs de esta en el extrangero. A Forest Laboratories Inc, fabricante del antidepresivo Lexapro, las cosas también le van bien según la agencia de noticias Bloomberg News. Esta empresa farmacéutica de Nueva York, declara la mayoría de sus beneficios en el extrangero, aunque la mayor parte de sus ventas sean dentro de los Estados Unidos. Sus precios de transferencia están siendo auditados por el IRS.
Desde los años 60, Irlanda a perseguido una estrategia de incentivos fiscales para atraer multinacionales. Otro aspecto menos comentado es que permite a las sociedades transmitir los beneficios fuera del país sin demasiadas consecuencias fiscales.
"Sacando los provechos fuera"
Para que no se acumulen todos los beneficios en Irlanda, hay que sacarlos fuera de esa jurisdicción de alguna manera fácil, y eso, se hace a través de Bermuda.
Irlanda siempre ha buscado asegurar que los beneficios cobrados en Irlanda reflejen en su totalidad la funciones, bienes y riesgos localizados ahí por grupos multinacionales.
Una vez que los beneficios no americanos de google llegan a Bermuda, es dificil seguirles la pista. Su subsidiaria en ese país, cambió su forma legal de organización en 2006 convirtiendose en una LLC. Bajo las reglas irlandesas eso implica el no requisito de transferir información fiscal al país de orígen.
Diferida indefinidamente
Técnicamente las multinacionales que transfieren los beneficios al extrangero, evitan los impuestos permanentemente. O hasta que deciden devolver al país de orígen los beneficios. A la práctica, pocas veces se repatrían porciones significantes evitando así indefinidamente los impuestos. Según Michelle Hanlon, una profesora de contabilidad del Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
En 2009 el departamento de tesorería americano, propuso reducir las tasas en los pagos entre sociedades americanas y sus subsidiarias.
Los oficiales de tesorería estimaron que el cambio reportaría unos beneficios de $86.5 billones en nuevos ingresos para los próximos diez años, pero ciertas compañías en el Congreso se mostraron contrarias a la medida como General Electric co, los fabricantes de cosméticos Johnson & Johnson y Starbucks Corp, según unos informes hechos por la Ong Center for Responsive Politics.
viernes, 12 de noviembre de 2010
La estrategia fiscal de Google
Compañías incontables.
Google, la tercera más grande compañía tecnológica americana por capitalización de mercado todavía no ha sido acusada de romper ninguna ley fiscal. Sin embargo, las practicas de google son muy similares a aquellas en incontables sociedades globales que operan en infinidad de industrias distintas.
Facebook, la más grande Red Social a través de Internet, está preparando una estructura similar a la de Google que mandará sus beneficios desde Irlanda a las Islas Cayman de acuerdo con la rendición de cuenta en esos paises y una persona familiar con ese tipo de planes. Un portavoz de la compañía cuando fue preguntado evitó dar ningún tipo de respuesta.
Precios de Transferencia.
Las tácticas de Google y Facebook dependen en los "precios de transferencia". Son transacciones en papel entre los subsidiarios de la corporación qu eles permiten localizar los beneficios en paraisos fiscales mientras atribuyen los gastos en paises con tasas más altas. Estos desplazamientos les cuesta al gobierno de Estados Unidos unos $60 billones cada año según Kimberly A. Clausing, un profesor de economia en el Reed College en Portland, Oregon.
Dave Camp, del equipo gubernamental del Estado de Michigan, el Ranking republicando de la House Ways y el Means Committee y otros políticos afirman que el 35% del impuesto sobre la renta, es demasiado alto en relación a paises extranjeros. El desplazo Internacional de las rentas que ayudó a Google a optimizar su imposición al 22.2% el último año muestra que hay un vació legal que mina la validez de las tasas americanas.
Más de 2000 sociedades americanas pagaron una media de 28.3 % en impuestos por renta entre beneficios a nivel federal, estatal y extrangero en 2009 según un estudio academico de la Universidad de Michigan y la de Carolina del Norte. Esta cifra es del 34.4% en francia, 30.2 en Alemania y 39.5 en Japón según la Organization for the Economic Cooperation and Development.
La estrategia del Doble Irlandés
Como estrategia de optimización fiscal, el metodo del doble irlandés es muy común actualmente. En particular para compañías con propiedad intelecual. Cientos de multinacionales usan alguna versión de este método.
Los altos impuestos sobre la renta para empresas que existe en Estados Unidos motiva a las compañías a mover sus actividades y los beneficios vinculados a jurisdicciones con mejores condiciones fiscales. La obligación de una sociedad con sus socios es intentar minimizar los impuestos pagados a toda costa, pero siempre, dentro de la legalidad.
Potenciando los Beneficios.
Los precios de transferencia de Google contribuyeron a que los beneficios de impuestos internacionales augmentaran sus beneficios en un 26% el último año según las cuentas de la misma compañía. Basandose en uns cálculos aproximados si la compañía pagase en tasas el 35% de todos sus beneficios, sus acciones bajarían unos $100 cada una.
La empresa ha recortado su parte de base imponible en el extrangero más que sus perseguidores en el sector teconológico: Apple Inc, el fabricante de iPhone, Microsoft, la empresea mas grande de software; International Business Machines Corp, el más grande de los proveedores de servicios para informática, y Oracle Corp, la segunda más grande empresa de software. Estas compañías han ido del 4.5% en 2007 al 25.8 en 2009.
más información en internationaltax1.blogspot.com